Under what circumstances does a course of conduct qualify as "stalking"?

A course of conduct qualifies as "stalking" when it involves willfully directing actions that instill fear in a victim. Stalking behaviors are typically characterized by a pattern of repeated actions that create a sense of fear, distress, or intimidation in the targeted individual. This definition encompasses a range of behaviors, such as following someone, sending unwanted messages, or showing up at places where the victim is present, all aimed at the same individual or group with the intent to cause fear or emotional distress.

In contrast, random encounters without a pattern do not demonstrate the repeated and intentional nature necessary for stalking. Repeatedly contacting someone with lawful authority may not constitute stalking unless that contact is done in a threatening way and intended to intimidate. A one-time harassing phone call alone does not fit the legal framework typically associated with stalking, as it lacks the ongoing aspect that defines this type of conduct. Therefore, the key element defining stalking is the willful and repeated conduct that specifically aims to instill fear in the victim.